=GnRH和年紀

-六個月大以前(GABA secretion →) GnRH → FSH↑LH↑

-六個月大到青春期(GABA secretion →) GnRH(-) → FSH(-)LH(-)

-不過GABA對於GnRH的整體回饋是抑制還是促進,其實尚不明瞭,雖然六個月大是個觀察到的時間點,但是GABA在其中的角色仍在爭論中

 

=Symptoms and level of damage

Level

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Other

Midbrain

Dorsolateral

Horner’s/cerebellar

Total sensory loss

 

Paramedian

CN III

Cerebellar, hemichorea

Benedikt

Basal

CN III

Hemiplegia

Weber

Pons

Dorsolateral

Horner’s/cerebellar

+/- CN VII, CN V, gaze palsy

Sensory loss (spinothalamic)

 

Paramedian

CN VI, gaze palsy

Sensory loss (spinothalamic)

 

Basal

CN VI, VII, LMN

Hemiplegia, CN VII, UMN

Millard-Gubler

Bilateral ventral

Locked-in

 

 

Medulla

Lateral

Horner’s/cerebellar, CN VII~X, ST loss, LMN

Corporal ST loss

Wallenberg

Central

CN XII

Hemiplegia, dorsal column sensory loss

 

-Horner’s = Horner’s syndrome

-LMN = lower motor neuron, UMN = upper motor neuron

-Locked-in = Locked-in syndrome

-Benedikt = Benedikt syndrome

-Wallenberg = Wallenberg syndrome

 

=新生兒early-onset hypocalcemia

-Prematurity: 可能和副甲狀腺、小腸功能、腎功能、骨頭的發育未完全有關

-Gestational DM: GDM的母親產下的孩子常見低血鈣、高血磷、低血鎂,可能和新生兒過量的insulin使腎排出、進入肌肉的鈣和鎂增加有關

-Perinatal asphyxia: 可能和組織異化、延遲餵食、腎功能不良、酸中毒有關

 

=新生兒late-onset hypocalcemia

-以牛奶為基底的配方奶中的磷含量為母乳的7倍,長期可能會造成低血鈣(不過近年來市面上所售之商品已改善此情形)

-維他命D缺乏

-Maternal hyperparathyroidism

-Neonatal hypoparathyroidism: DiGeorge syndrome → CATCH 22

--1. Cardiac abnormality (especially TOF)

--2. Abnormal face (鼻樑基部寬大、後縮頭、人中短、上唇薄、耳廓異常、眼距寬)

--3. Thymic aplasia (所以造成免疫缺陷,有時可從CXR看出)

--4. Cleft palate

--5. Hypocalcemia (hypoparathyroidism) 多在1歲時恢復

--6. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion

 

=Hypercalcemia一般不會發生在新生兒

 

=Evidence cycle “5A”

-Ask: Ask an answerable question

-Acquire: Acquire the best evidence

-Appraise: Appraise with critical attitude

-Apply: Apply to patients

-Audit: Audit performance in the rest 4A


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