電話響起,常聽到的問題

高血壓Hypertension
= 請先確定任何潛在的疾病已經治療或有所處置,切勿盲目降血壓!
※尤其在外科常見因疼痛而高血壓,那應該處理疼痛,而不是給Norvasc…
= 是否有合併症狀?眩暈(dizziness)、胸悶胸痛(chest pain)、頭痛(headache)
=
需要特別小心的疾病:stroke, aortic dissection, IICP sign, angina, etc.
= 如欲降血壓,可以先給CCB (例如以前所謂intern無腦可以開Norvasc (Amlodipine)),若合併心跳快,考慮用β-blocker (例如Concor (Bisoprolol)),而α-blocker當作輔佐(或使用於有攝護腺肥大的病人)direct vasodilator最後用,或是留給會診心臟內科使用
= 口服藥物後仍然高血壓,可以考慮ACEi/ARB類的藥物,但由於要小心腎功能和血鉀,所以一般不建議在值班或缺乏監測的情況下使用
※一直降不下來的血壓,請務必找出原因無腦降壓無助於預後
= 合併頭暈頭痛(emergency),懷疑高血壓危象(hypertension crisis),可以使用針劑Trandate (α1+ β-blocker)半支或NTG infusion,但使用時務必監測血壓

 

胸痛(胸悶) Chest pain
= 要馬上想到:acute coronary syndrome, pneumothorax, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, etc.
= 然後安排CXRECG、動脈血,去聽聽病人的呼吸音和心音,問問這些問題:location, character, duration, aggravating factor, relieving factor, radiation
= 動脈血驗:ABGCKCKMBTroponin-I or TCBC (至少要有Hb)BUN/CrNaK、懷疑pulmonary embolism請點D-dimer
= 排除極度危險的疾病後,思考:pneumonia, GERD, pericarditis, myofacial pain, herpes zoster
= AMIaortic dissectionpulmonary embolism等高危險疾病,請通知後線或主治,並且準備發及照會CVCVS

 

喘不過氣、喘(胸悶) Dyspnea
= check vital sign, SpO2, I/O, BW
= 需要想到:pneumonia, pneumothorax, CAD, metabolic acidosis, lung edema, sepsis, etc.
= 需要檢查:breath sound, paradoxical movement, accessory muscle use, leg edema, conscious
= 建議檢驗:ABG (即使SpO2無異狀)EKGCBC/DCBUN/CrCK/CKMB/Troponin-I or TCXR
= 處置:
--- O2 Nasal cannula 1L = FiO2 +4% (例如2L = FiO2 28%)
--- 5L以上請用O2 mask5L~10L FiO2 = 28~60%
--- Non-rebreathing mask fullFiO2=90%
--- BiPAP (需要聯絡呼吸治療師RT)O2 5~15L (一般8L起跳)
--- 插管Intubation(PGY請聯絡senior R),時機如下
….1) Oxygenation: PaO2<60 under non-rebreathing mask
….2) CO2 retention: PCO2>50, PH<7.35, RR >30 under BiPAP
….3) Muscle fatigue: paradoxical movement, accessory muscle use under BiPAP
= Wheezing嘨鳴聲明顯(asthma or COPD with acute exacerbation, AE),可以給Atrovent + Bricanyl 1amp INHL ST and Q6H,並考慮針劑steroid,急性緩解,生命徵象穩定後,可以加口服aminophyllin 1# TIDSoluMedrol 40mg Q8HMeptin 1# BID
= CXR發現肺部淹水了(fluid overload in CHF/ARF),可以給利尿劑Lasix (Furosemide) 1amp IV ST or Burinex (Bumetanide) 1amp IV ST
= 請尋找dyspnea的原因

 

呼吸器Ventilator
= Initial setting after intubation (病房大部分是volume control)
--- Tidal volume = BW x 6~10ml (例如50kg就約400~500ml)
--- Rate = 通常為12~16/min
--- Flow = 一般為60L/min,但若PIP>35,則調降為50L/min
--- FiO2 = 一般設為60%,然後視情況許可慢慢調降(taper to)40%
--- PEEP = 一般設為5
= 若在呼吸器下還會喘?
--- 檢查tidal volume, minute ventilation, PIP, ABG, breath sound, CXR
= 呼吸器一直嗶嗶叫?
--- 檢查alarm, tidal volume (Vt), peak airway pressure (PIP)
….1. 顯示low tidal volume可能為disconnectballoon漏氣、肺部疾病惡化( pneumonia, pneumothorax, effusion, edema, etc.)
….2. 顯示high pressure可能為sputum impaction (那就抽痰給化痰)bronchospasm (A+B)pneumothorax (PGY請聯絡senior R,可能要放胸管)
= 若病人持續掙扎(fighting),可以給與Fentanyl 1amp in 500ml N/S IVD

 

resident.PNG

 

normal range
Central venous pressure (CVP) 0~5mmHg
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) 6~12mmHg
Cardiac index (CI) 2.4~4.0L/min/m^2
Stroke index (SI) 20~40 mL/m^2
Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) 25~30 Wood units
Pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) 1~2 Wood units
※Wood units: mmHg/L/min/m^2
Oxygen delivery (DO2) 520~570 mL/min/m^2
Oxygen uptake (VO2) 110~160 mL/min/m^2
Oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) 0.2~0.3

 

急性敗血症組合:
(在診斷後6小時內完成)
1.
取得適當的培養(細菌、黴菌…)
2.
檢驗血漿乳酸濃度
3. 給予經驗性抗生素治療
4. 實現以下目標:
--- CVP = 8~12 mmHg
--- MAP > 65 mmHg
--- urine > 0.5mL/kg/hr
--- SvO2 > 65% or ScvO2 > 70%

敗血症處置組合:
(在診斷後24小時內完成)
1.
如果必要,提供低劑量的類固醇
2. 保持血糖在120~150 mg/dL
3.
呼吸器依賴的患者,保持其氣道平台壓力小於30 cmH2O


arrow
arrow
    創作者介紹
    創作者 TeachingCenter. 的頭像
    TeachingCenter.

    ~Teachingcenter的醫學筆記~

    TeachingCenter. 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()