體內有許多機制以避免免疫過度活化轉而攻擊自身細胞,一旦這些控制機制失衡或因感染而消退,一些自體免疫性疾病便會應運而生
免疫系統的抑制機轉失衡:
- 淋巴細胞成熟過程中,篩選錯誤
- TH1和TH2相互結抗失敗
- Treg cell與TH3壓抑免疫失效
- T cell活化時CTLA-4控制失衡
※體內有些地方因為有天然阻隔等因素,不具有抗原性,這些部位稱為免疫特權部位(immunologically privileged sites),其中包含腦部、眼睛、睪丸內、子宮內
在有些基因存在時,特別容易出現某些自體免疫疾病
Diseases = HLA alleles
Ankylosing spondylitis = HLA-B27
Acute anterior uveitis = HLA-B27
Goodpasture’s syndrome = HLA-DR2
Multiple sclerosis = HLA-DR2
Grave’s disease = HLA-DR3
Myasthenia gravis = HLA-DR3
Systemic lupus erythematosus = HLA-DR3
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) = HLA-DR3 and DR4
Rheumatoid arthritis = HLA-DR4
Pemphigus vulgaris = HLA-DR4
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis = HLA-DR5
有時感染也可造成自體免疫症狀,如Streptococcus pyogenes所引起的rheumatic fever
自體免疫疾病約可分為三類
- 針對特定的接受器產生抗體
- 重症肌無力(myasthenia gravis):Anti-ACh receptor
- Grave’s disease:Anti-TSH receptor
- 針對全身性部位
- Systemic lupus erythematous:Anti-RNA、Anti-dsDNA等
- 類風濕性關節炎(rheumatoid arthritis):Anti-IgG Fc
- 多發性硬化症(multiple sclerosis):Anti-myelin
- 針對體內的細胞或產物產生抗體
- 橋本氏甲狀腺炎(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis):Anti-thyroglobulin
- 第一型糖尿病(IDDM):Anti-β cells in pancreatic islets
- 惡性貧血:Anti-gastric cells and intrinsic factors
- Addison’s disease:Anti-adrenal glands
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