闌尾炎

可以同時參考:
http://teachingcenter1.pixnet.net/blog/post/350720405
http://teachingcenter1.pixnet.net/blog/post/346609970

 

造成闌尾炎常見的細菌:
Typical bacteria causing appendicitis:
  1. E. coli,
  2. B. fragilis
  3. Peptostreptococcus,
  4. Pseudomonas.

 

闌尾炎的併發症(多半起因於壞死性闌尾炎破裂)
Complications of Appendicitis
(It is mostly due to perforation of a gangrenous appendicitis.)
  1.
術後傷口感染Wound infection
   10~12% in appendicitis and 35~75% in perforation
  2.
敗血症Sepsis
  3. (
廣泛性/侷限性)腹膜炎Generalized/Localized peritonitis
  4.
膿瘍Abscess
  5.
廔管Fecal fistula (giving way of the stump)
  6.
小腸沾粘性阻塞Intestinal adhesive obstruction
  7.
門靜脈炎Pylephlebitis (due to portal pyemia)
  8.
腹內大出血Intra-abdominal hemorrhage (rupture of appendicular artery)
  9.
死亡Death (If perforated, the mortality rate is 1.18%.)

 

闌尾炎在電腦斷層下的可能表現
Possible CT findings of appendicitis:
1. 闌尾腫大直徑超過6公釐
(enlarged appendix (>6mm is abnormal))
2.
闌尾壁發炎超過2公釐厚
(appendiceal wall thickening (>2mm is abnormal))
3.
闌尾周邊脂肪組織發炎反應
(periappendiceal fat stranding)
4.
闌尾壁異常顯影
(appendiceal wall enhancement)
5.
盲腸/迴腸末端發炎、腫大
(focal cecal/terminal ileum apical thickening)
6.
闌尾中有糞石
(appendicolith (seen in 20-40% of patients))
7.
標靶狀顯像(因闌尾壁腫大,縱切影像出現同心圓狀)
(target structure (concentric thickening of the inflamed appendiceal wall))
8.
闌尾、腸道外空氣(需盡快安排手術)
(extraluminal air)

9. 蜂窩性發炎
phlegmon
10.
箭頭徵象(盲腸發炎腫大造成)
(arrowhead sign(focal cecal thickening centered on the appendiceal orifice))

arrowhead sign在口服鋇劑下的顯影較清楚,因為盲腸末端發炎腫大,塞住通往闌尾的開口,所以出現狹長的顯影,若是沒有口服鋇劑,一般在enhanced CT下,偶爾可以看到由盲腸中的空氣形成的arrowhead sign,但相對困難少見
11. 盲腸條帶(在盲腸末端接著粗而長的闌尾)
(cecal bar)
12.
淋巴腫大
(lymphadenopathy)

13. 膿瘍
(abscess)
14.
大腸壁增厚
(colonic wall thickening)

 

腹腔鏡闌尾切除術禁忌症
(除少數情形,腹腔鏡闌尾切除和傳統開腹闌尾切除的適應症相同)

絕對禁忌症Absolute contraindications:
 1. 懷疑惡性變化(為避免腹內轉移,且腹腔鏡較難完整清除腫瘤)
 Suspicion of malignancy.
 2.
嚴重心肺疾病以致無法安全的氣腹
 Severe co-morbid illness pulmonary / cardiac disorders
相對禁忌症Relative contraindications:
 1. 腹腔鏡技術、經驗不足
 Inexperience with the technique
 2.
術前影像顯示闌尾在難以執行的位置
 Difficult anatomical position
 3.
嚴重發炎(甚至破裂)的闌尾炎
 Severely inflammed appendix, perforated appendicitis and appendicular abscess
 4.
過去曾做過下腹開腹手術(避免嚴重沾黏造成腹腔鏡執行困難)
 Prior lower abdominal surgery
 5.
骨盆發炎性疾病或子宮內膜異位症
 Pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis
 6.
懷孕
 Pregnancy

 

腹腔鏡闌尾切除術的優勢:
首先,腹腔鏡闌尾切除術的傷口,不一定比傳統的開腹闌尾切除術小,腹腔鏡三個洞總共約3~4公分,傳統的也大概是如此,腹腔鏡闌尾切除術的優勢,在於進入腹腔後,可以完整地瀏覽腹腔,比較不會有找不到闌尾的情形!不然,其實腹腔鏡闌尾切除術,和傳統相比,並沒有更多的好處。
※最困難的闌尾切除術:就是R1先下刀/先打套管(trocar)時,下錯/打錯位置,然後又不想再開新的傷口的時候

 

RLQ_pain.PNG


arrow
arrow

    TeachingCenter. 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()