=GnRH和年紀
-六個月大以前(無GABA secretion →) GnRH → FSH↑、LH↑
-六個月大到青春期(有GABA secretion →) GnRH(-) → FSH(-)、LH(-)
-不過GABA對於GnRH的整體回饋是抑制還是促進,其實尚不明瞭,雖然六個月大是個觀察到的時間點,但是GABA在其中的角色仍在爭論中
=Symptoms and level of damage
Level |
Ipsilateral |
Contralateral |
Other |
|
Midbrain |
Dorsolateral |
Horner’s/cerebellar |
Total sensory loss |
|
Paramedian |
CN III |
Cerebellar, hemichorea |
Benedikt |
|
Basal |
CN III |
Hemiplegia |
Weber |
|
Pons |
Dorsolateral |
Horner’s/cerebellar +/- CN VII, CN V, gaze palsy |
Sensory loss (spinothalamic) |
|
Paramedian |
CN VI, gaze palsy |
Sensory loss (spinothalamic) |
|
|
Basal |
CN VI, VII, LMN |
Hemiplegia, CN VII, UMN |
Millard-Gubler |
|
Bilateral ventral |
Locked-in |
|
|
|
Medulla |
Lateral |
Horner’s/cerebellar, CN VII~X, ST loss, LMN |
Corporal ST loss |
Wallenberg |
Central |
CN XII |
Hemiplegia, dorsal column sensory loss |
|
-Horner’s = Horner’s syndrome
-LMN = lower motor neuron, UMN = upper motor neuron
-Locked-in = Locked-in syndrome
-Benedikt = Benedikt syndrome
-Wallenberg = Wallenberg syndrome
=新生兒early-onset hypocalcemia
-Prematurity: 可能和副甲狀腺、小腸功能、腎功能、骨頭的發育未完全有關
-Gestational DM: GDM的母親產下的孩子常見低血鈣、高血磷、低血鎂,可能和新生兒過量的insulin使腎排出、進入肌肉的鈣和鎂增加有關
-Perinatal asphyxia: 可能和組織異化、延遲餵食、腎功能不良、酸中毒有關
=新生兒late-onset hypocalcemia
-以牛奶為基底的配方奶中的磷含量為母乳的7倍,長期可能會造成低血鈣(不過近年來市面上所售之商品已改善此情形)
-維他命D缺乏
-Maternal hyperparathyroidism
-Neonatal hypoparathyroidism: DiGeorge syndrome → CATCH 22
--1. Cardiac abnormality (especially TOF)
--2. Abnormal face (鼻樑基部寬大、後縮頭、人中短、上唇薄、耳廓異常、眼距寬)
--3. Thymic aplasia (所以造成免疫缺陷,有時可從CXR看出)
--4. Cleft palate
--5. Hypocalcemia (hypoparathyroidism) 多在1歲時恢復
--6. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion
=Hypercalcemia一般不會發生在新生兒
=Evidence cycle “5A”
-Ask: Ask an answerable question
-Acquire: Acquire the best evidence
-Appraise: Appraise with critical attitude
-Apply: Apply to patients
-Audit: Audit performance in the rest 4A